Tertiary lymphoid structures (lymphoid neogenesis)

• Gantsev Sh.Kh.
• Rustamkhanov R.A.
• Gantsev K.Sh.
• Kzyrgalin Sh.R.

Abstract

Secondary lymphoid organs are integral to initiation and execution of adaptive immune responses. These organs provide a setting for interactions between antigen-specific lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells recruited from local infected or inflamed tissues. Secondary lymphoid organs develop as a part of a genetically preprogrammed process during embryogenesis. However, organogenesis of secondary lymphoid tissues can also be recapitulated in adulthood during de novo lymphoid neogenesis of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). These ectopic lymphoid-like structures form in the inflamed tissues afflicted by various pathological conditions, including cancer, autoimmunity, infection, or allograft rejection. Studies are beginning to shed light on the function of such structures in different disease settings, raising important questions regarding their contribution to progression or resolution of disease. Data show an association between the tumor-associated TLSs and a favorable prognosis in various types of human cancer, attracting the speculation that TLSs support effective local antitumor immune responses. However, definitive evidence for the role for TLSs in fostering immune responses in vivo are lacking, with current data remaining largely correlative by nature. In this review, we will compare and contrast TLS neogenesis with the development of a prototypic SLO, the LN. Importantly, we will discuss current knowledge surrounding the function of TLSs, specifically within cancer. Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka, RISC were used to search for the required literature.

Keywords:review; secondary lymphoid organs; tertiary lymphoid structures; lymphoid neogenesis

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