Current issue
2 . 2019
Immunogenetics

Profi lling of HLA-B*27 allels in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Abstract

A study was made of the allelic profile of the HLA-B locus in 121 patients with ankylosing spondylitis. The HLA-B*27 gene was detected in all patients with ankylosing spondylitis, in 5 people - in the homozygote. Distribution of HLA-B*27 alleles - 27:05 (45.45%), 27:02 (6.20%), 27:04 (0.41%) - in patients with ankylosing spondylitis in the Russian population, similar to the distribution of these alleles among patients of the European cohort.

Innate immunity

Synergistic interactions of NOD1 and TLR4 receptors of innate immunity: transcriptional and metabolic aspects

Abstract

Agonists of NOD1 and TLR4 receptors synergistically activate a number of macrophage functions, particularly production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Here, we provide a first characteristics of glucose metabolism alterations upon combined stimulation of NOD1 and TLR4. Agonists of either receptor (N-acetyl-D-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid and lipopolysaccharide, respectively) enhanced main parameters of glycolysis including extracellular acidification rate, glucose consumption and lactate release. Alterations of these parameters upon combined stimulation did not exceed the sum of alterations upon stimulation of each individual receptor (additive and infra-additive interactions). At the same time, the combined stimulation synergistically enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression at 4-9 h after addition of stimuli. It can be assumed that metabolic reprogramming supports synergistic enhancement of cytokine production upon simultaneous stimulation of NOD1 and TLR4; however, the origin of this synergy lies in the increased duration and/or amplitude of cytokine gene expression.

Oncoimmunology

Morphological characteristics of white pulp and spleen dendritic cells at the experimental carcinogenesis

Abstract

By means of histological methods the morphology and an immunohistochemistry of structures of a lien after course introduction 1,2-dimethylhydrazines is studied. It is established that in 1 month after administration of carcinogen in a lien of rats the augmentation of quantity of S100+-cells in the germinative the centers of lymphoid nodules against the background of reduction of both the area of nodules, and the centers of reproduction, width of marginal zones and periarterial lymphoid couplings is registered. Besides, the total of secondary lymphoid nodules against the background of decrease of their ratio to primary lymphoid nodules is enlarged. In 4 months after the termination of a course of injections of carcinogen doubtful decrease of quantity of dendritic cells in the germinative the centers in comparison with intact animals of the same age period becomes perceptible. Changes of a morphological phenotype of a lien on this term have reliable character and width of periarterial lymphoid couplings and marginal zones, and also augmentation of quantity of secondary lymphoid nodules consist in more expressed reduction of the areas of lymphoid nodules with their germinative centers.

Vaccines and vaccination

Analysis of plasmаblasts in the human blood at diffrent times after immunization with live anthrax vaccine

Abstract

Anthrax treatment is successfully carried out with the use of antibiotics. However, in cases of pulmonary, intestinal forms or late stages of anthrax infection, the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy drops sharply. This is due to the accumulation in the body of a large number of lethal toxin, which causes death. The lethal toxin consists of a protective antigen (PA) and a lethal factor (LF). At the active systemic form of anthrax, the concentration of lethal toxin in the body increases and in this case, the toxin can be neutralized with specific antibodies to PA and/or LF. One approach to obtaining human therapeutic monoclonal antibodies involves the isolation of specific plasmablasts from the blood of immune donors. Normally, the content of plasmablasts in the bloodstream is extremely low - from 0.2 to 5%. Depending on the type of vaccine and the route of its administration transient increase of plasmablasts in the blood is briefly observed on the 5-13 day after vaccination. The purpose of the work was to identify the time of the transient increase of plasmablasts in the blood of donors after vaccination. It was shown that in 5 out of 12 donors repeatedly immunized with the live antisera vaccine, antibodies against the protective antigen were detected and in two, antibodies against the lethal factor on 5-8 days after vaccination. The maximum transient release of plasmablasts in the blood with the phenotype CD19+CD20-/loCD27hiCD38hi was found on the 7th day after immunization of donors with a live anthrax vaccine. The number of plasmablasts in this period increased to 6.9-14.6%. Preliminary detection of antibodies to PA and LF, as well as assessment of their neutralizing activity against the lethal toxin, will help select the most potential donors of specific plasma blasts in order to obtain human monoclonal antibodies to PA or LF.

Immunology of reproduction

Interleukin-6 as a possible regulator of intrafollicular Foxp3+ T cells in women undergoing IVF treatmen

Abstract

Regulatory Foxp3+ T cells (Treg) are involved in the induction of tolerance to fetal alloantigens and the formation of physiological immunosuppression during pregnancy. However, the mechanisms affecting their content, especially in the early stages of the reproductive process, remain unclear. This paper is devoted to the study of the relationship between the concentration of IL-6 and regulatory Foxp3+ T cells in the follicular fluid (FF) of women with different parameters of folliculo/oogenesis, blastulation and IVF outcomes. The study included 53 women with infertility undergoing IVF program. Collection of FF samples from dominant follicles was performed using transvaginal ultrasonic aspiration. The concentration of IL-6 in FF was assessed by flow fluorimetry (Bio-Plex Protein Assay System, Bio-Rad, USA). The relative content of CD4+Foxp3+ and CD4-Foxp3+ T cells was assessed by flow cytometry.

The data obtained showed that increased IL-6 content in the FF is registered in women with a high number of follicles, oocytes, poor blastocyst quality and a negative IVF outcome. At the same time, the high content of IL-6 in FF is associated with a low number of intrafollicular CD4-FoxP3+ cells, which inversely correlates with the concentration of IL-6. At the same time, the relationship of IL-6 with the number of CD4+FoxP3+ T cells was not detected. Thus, one of the reasons for the decrease in the number of CD4-FoxP3+ cells that play a positive role in regulating early reproductive processes may be a high concentration of IL-6 in the FF.

Clinical immunology

The effectiveness of Aqua Maris Ectoin in patients with allergic rhinitis and sensitization to pollen allergens

Abstract

The aim of the work is to evaluate the effectiveness of Aqua Maris Ectoin® in patients with AR and sensitization to pollen allergens.

Material and methods. In May of 2018, an open, pilot study of the effectiveness of the nasal spray Aqua Maris Ectoin® was conducted in 30 patients with allergic rhinitis (AR).

Results. All patients (except one) showed a decrease in the intensity of all clinical symptoms of AR. After a week of use of nasal spray Aqua Maris Ectoin® range of eosinophils in the rhinocytogram has not changed. However, the average number of eosinophils tended (statistically unreliable) to decrease: from 29 ± 9 to 22 ± 10%. Among of the 30 patients, 16% (5 out of 30) had an increase in the number of eosinophils in the nasal secretion, 27% (8 out of 30) had no change in the picture, and 57% (17 out of 30) had a decrease in eosinophils.

Conclusion. The general trend towards positive clinical dynamics allows us to recommend the appointment of nasal spray Aqua Maris Ectoin® for improving the barrier function of the nasal mucosa.

Reviews

Allergy – late product of the immune system evolution

Abstract

Existing data on the phylogenesis of IgE-mediated allergy and the main participants of the effector phase of the IgE-mediated allergic reaction, including mast cells, the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (FcεRI) and the immunoglobulin E, are reviewed. IgE-mediated allergy arose in the late stages of the evolution of the immune system through the use of three main functional units: ancient effector cells of innate immunity (mast cells) and late phylogenetic acquisitions - IgE and FcεRI. IgE-mediated allergy is a new form of reactivity aimed at the organization of allergen-specific inflammation. The biological value of the latter is in the implementation of the elimination function in relation to low doses of genetically alien material (allergen). The data on the phylogenesis of IgE-mediated allergy justify a new trend in antiallergic measures to eliminate the need for an allergic response.

Tertiary lymphoid structures (lymphoid neogenesis)

Abstract

Secondary lymphoid organs are integral to initiation and execution of adaptive immune responses. These organs provide a setting for interactions between antigen-specific lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells recruited from local infected or inflamed tissues. Secondary lymphoid organs develop as a part of a genetically preprogrammed process during embryogenesis. However, organogenesis of secondary lymphoid tissues can also be recapitulated in adulthood during de novo lymphoid neogenesis of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). These ectopic lymphoid-like structures form in the inflamed tissues afflicted by various pathological conditions, including cancer, autoimmunity, infection, or allograft rejection. Studies are beginning to shed light on the function of such structures in different disease settings, raising important questions regarding their contribution to progression or resolution of disease. Data show an association between the tumor-associated TLSs and a favorable prognosis in various types of human cancer, attracting the speculation that TLSs support effective local antitumor immune responses. However, definitive evidence for the role for TLSs in fostering immune responses in vivo are lacking, with current data remaining largely correlative by nature. In this review, we will compare and contrast TLS neogenesis with the development of a prototypic SLO, the LN. Importantly, we will discuss current knowledge surrounding the function of TLSs, specifically within cancer. Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka, RISC were used to search for the required literature.

Models of psoriasis on laboratory animals: current status of the problem

Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease, manifested by an increased rate of keratinocyte division. The high incidence of this dermatosis, frequent psycho-emotional disorders and comorbid pathology, as well as the probability of disability, determine the relevance of studying the pathogenesis of the disease. Laboratory models of psoriasis can make a significant contribution in this direction. In this paper, a review of the most commonly used mouse models of psoriasis. Described histological and immunological differences in the structure of the skin of mice and humans. The main groups of models, their clinical, histological and immunophenotypic characteristics are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of each model are analyzed.

Obituary

Leonid Petrovich ALEKSEEV (1939–2019)

Abstract

All articles in our journal are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0 license)


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